IRB Intro #4: Go Ask Alice

Written in 1971, this diary follows the life of a girl who is immersed into the world of drugs and becomes addicted. The author of the diary is kept anonymous and a name of who wrote it is never given. The main character is portrayed as lonely and awkward and under the pressure of her strict parents who want her to be "perfect". Her journey begins when a friend laces her drink with LSD, and soon she is drinking different drugs that take her away from reality.

TOW #14 - Saudi Arabia: Women Arrested For Violating Driving Ban

On November 30th, a Saudi Arabian woman videotaped herself driving a car and posted it on youtube. This demonstration protested the law of Saudi Arabia that it is illegal for a woman to drive. The next day on December 1st, she was arrested by officials. When it comes to women’s rights, Saudi Arabia remains one of the most restrictive countries in the world. Guardianship laws mean that a woman cannot marry, work or travel abroad without the consent of a male relative. This story was covered by Inquisitr an internationally recognized news web site with a strong presence in the USA, and is currently is one of the top 2500 web sites globally and one of the top 1000 web sites in the USA.  This media used biased diction to tell the story of the Saudi women drivers, and make them seem like the victims. It wrote very biasedly for example when they mentioned, “The religious practices of Saudi Arabia are so radical in fact that many...” The use of the words such as radical creates a one-way viewpoint on the topic, and only sheds a light on the media's side of the story. This effectively helps their purpose of showing the bravery of the women activist and their story. Using biased diction, they are also able to help appeal to pathos. It appeals to Pathos because the specific diction creates a rebellious mood, and is followed through when describing that other women have followed in the footsteps of defying the driving ban. The mood affects the reader and immediately could make the reader feel for the women protesters. This is effect in the sense that getting the mass to agree with the protesters, which successfully told the story to make the women drivers look good. It is intended that the article’s effectiveness is t gain awareness so that people will reach out to try and help the women drivers of Saudi Arabia, and maybe can overturn the guardian laws that are established there. I believe that this was an effective use of rhetorics in order to achieve their purpose because it draws in the audience through telling the story of a law against a simple right, and then uses pathos to raise awareness and to help the women of Saudi Arabia.

TOW #13: Fast Food Nation (IRB Part 2)

The author of Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser, begins talking about the image that fast food companies, specifically the well known brands like McDonalds, create in order to get the attention of their customers. The first big idea that was created and quickly adopted by a lot of  fast food companies such as Wendy’s, McDonalds, and Burger King was to create a mascot, or a cartoon-like person to advertise the food. Schlosser mentions that McDonalds had Ronald McDonald, Wendy’s had Wendy, and Burger King had the King. He clarifies that the main goal was to allow people to create an emotional connection. The consumers will then be more likely to purchase their products because they’re doing are drawn to the characters and to the bigger picture of the company itself. The author also explains that making sure the people behind the counter were good employees was just as important as choosing a spokesperson. A corporation's employers typically handpicked employees who appeared to have an enthusiastic view and outlook of the company. With that, customer interactions would leave a good impression on the customer and encourage them to come back to the restaurant. Throughout the book, Schlosser uses various rhetorical strategies in order to make his points clear to the audience. He uses straightforward facts/statistics to support his view of how these companies have succeeded. Along with the facts, he uses personal anecdotes to provide the reader with his encounters with fast food spokespeople and employees working behind the counter. One of the author's most powerful rhetorical devices, however, is his use of historical references. He initially analyzes the beginnings of the fast food corporations which can really say a lot about the amount of displays the amount of progress that the industries have undergone. I believe that Schlosser is able to achieve his purpose of educating the American people about the history of fast food and how their ways of advertisement have attracted so many people because he uses facts to back up his reasoning, and also personal experiences to show that he has done his research and is well versed in the area.

TOW #12: Fast Food Nation (IRB)

Fast food nation, a book about the truths of the fast food industry started off in an interesting way. The author Eric Schlosser, an Oxford and Princeton graduate, was a journalist with The Atlantic Monthly. He was also awarded the National Magazine Award and has had his work appear in in Rolling Stone, Vanity Fair, The New Yorker, The New York Times, and The Nation. With this in mind, I think it’s safe to say that Eric Schlosser is a credible author. When I began reading Fast Food Nation the first part of the book was all about the history of fast food. This helps Eric Schlosser in crafting his story because it is necessary for the author to provide the reader with background knowledge. Although the information was boring at times, it sitll kept the audience informed. However, because the first section was strictly historical knowledge, it lacked rhetorical devices, which didn't define much of a purpose yet. It is implied that the purpose for the writing is because of the increase of popularity of the fast food industry along with the attention that it has drawn, and the negative effects that creates. Schlosser's audience is the same audience of the fast food companies, the American people. He attempts to educate the people of the consequences of supporting fast food in America, and the negative outcomes related to it. As of now, Schlosser is doing a good job with keeping his readers informed and initiating his point of how the fast food industry is making a negative impact on health. Since I haven't finished the book yet, it's expected that I don't know Schlosser's full purpose and juicy details of the rest of his book. The provided background information for his readers is necessary for readers to be able to understand the rest of the book. 

TOW #11: Visual text

In a poster for a movie called "Frozen" by Disney, bright blue colors are depicted to catch the audience's attention. The obvious purpose of this movie poster is to get the audience to come see the movie. Disney, in this particular case, and the designers of this poster aim for the movie to ideally appeal to audiences of all ages, not just the common misconception of Disney movies being aimed for young children.  This visual text is well able to establish ethos and create a tone. 
       The world famous company already establishes credibility to the advertisement, and the movie, just by having its logo on the poster, being an incredibly successful company . In the center, the logo is placed very noticeably right above the title of the film, which can't be missed. The poster also increases it's ethos by including at the top "from the creators of 'Tangled' and 'Wreck-It Ralph'". It argues that the movie "Frozen" will be just as good as "Tangled" and "Wreck-It Ralph" because it is made by the same directors and company. This grabs the attention of an audience who liked the two previous movies. 
        Along with the text, the placement of the characters also attempts to convince the audience to come see the movie. The poster depicts four characters are up to their heads in snow, but despite this, doesn't give anything from the plot away to the audience.  Since they might not know what the movie is fully about, it  potentially inspires them to find out what will happen. There is the snowman in the middle, holding his own head. This prominent placement of such a goofy and creative character creates a happy tone and lets the audience know right away that Frozen is going to be a family-friendly and cheerful. 
        I believe Disney does a good job with achieving it's purpose because it uses bright flashy colors to initially grab the audience's attention. The poster then goes deeper by using convincing text to draw in an audience who has previously watched other Disney movies or is familiar with the successful company itself. 

TOW #10: Going Vegan, if Only for a Day

A writer for the New York Times, Mark Bittman, wrote in “Going Vegan, if Only for a Day”, what it truly took to be a Vegan. With context of this text being written within the last few years, it is applicable to our society as many of our people are changing their lifestyles and diets in order to improve their longevity and health by limiting eating meat, or completely avoiding any animal products.

        Mark Bittman is a journalist, food writer, and an author of 14 books, including the bestselling "How to Cook Everything and Vegan Before 6 P.M.". He most likely intended his article for anyone who has debated between whether or not to become a Vegan. The purpose of the text is to not only inform on what a Vegan is, but to highlight the difficulties a Vegan faces on a daily basis in order to maintain a diet that doesn't come in contact with any animal related products.

         He achieves his purpose through the use of humor, which he was used in the text several times. At one point he states, “I could live off pasta with vegetables for weeks” which is seen as sarcastic, but helps him achieve his purpose of informing the audience that being a vegan has limiting options, and it may affect your health much worse than just eating animal products. Bittman’s title also connects to humor, and ultimately his purpose, “Going Vegan, if Only for a Day” because it shows that a lot of people decide to join this lifestyle but don't realize that its a nearly impossible commitment. He also wants them to see the struggle vegans have finding foods not made from animal products.

         I believe that Bittman does a good job of achieving his purpose of telling the his audience what it really takes to become a Vegan because he uses of humor but it is balanced out by his commanding tone of showing the realities that Vegans are faced with. He successfully informs his readers that this lifestyle is beneficial, but it's not an easy task for those who go through completely eliminating animal products from their diet.  

IRB Intro #2

In Fast Food Nation, investigative journalist Eric Schlosser digs into the history, science and business of fast food restaurants. It was first published in 2001, which was later adapted into a film in 2006. The book examines the specific workings of the fast-food industry, including the chemical flavoring of the food, production of cattle and chickens, working conditions of beef industry, dangers of eating meat, and the globalization of fast food as an American culture export. The author, Eric Schlosser, uses humor and surprising information to create interest in his subject of the fast food industry.

TOW #9: This Messy World

This is a  personal essay called "This Messy World" by Richard Abrons, who received his BA from Yale, MBA from Columbia, and his MFA in Writing from NYU. In this piece the author describes all the conflicts going on in the world. The author also the ones that have already happened in the past including the Depression, World War 2, the Holocaust, the Cold War, etc. Although all these upheavals are going on, Abron's purpose is to point out that it's okay enjoy certain things without feeling guilty through his use of allusions and diction. 
     Throughout the essay Abrons talks about several situations that many would know about. He gives importance to these tragedies and mentions, "Syria, ISIS, Gaza, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, ebola, a reporter decapitated on YouTube, murder in Brooklyn.." (Abrons). These historical allusions in our current generation are commonly known throughout, and help the audience understand what is going on in the world. It helps achieve Abron's purpose by backing up his knowledge of current events. 
    The author also cleverly crafts his writing through diction. Although he is writing about serious topics, he gives the essay an informal tone, and does so without being disrespectful. He brings up valid points of how Americans have much to worry about and sometimes don't give importance to serious problems going on in other parts of the world but also describes himself as "damn lucky" and that people should also "do some good and enjoy". He isn't necessarily telling is audience to be ignorant, he uses these phrases to show that even though there is a lot going on, one can still live a little.
    This personal essay was intended towards an audience who pays attention to current events and watch the news because it uses information that they can understand and connect to, through the occasion of a conversation that the author has with his wife. I believe that Abrons does a great job of achieving his purpose because he points out that yes there are so many issues going on in the world that people have to worry about but feeling guilty, empathetic, and showing acts of generosity, "may make no difference to the whole but they can make a difference to the part, and that is all we can do" (Abrons). 

            

TOW #8: Bossypants (IRB)

Tina Fey, an American comedian who has been in a few television series such as 30 rock and Saturday Night Live, as well as many other notable movies writes an autobiography titled Bossypants. In this book, she provides her life story and the ups and downs throughout her career. The audience is anyone who has interest in this comedian, the context being written like a memoir. Fey cleverly uses sarcasm and allusions to engage the audience and to achieve her purpose recounting humorous experiences in her life.
         In Fey's writing, not only does she make it humorous, she uses imagery along with it. While writing about growing up, she reveals to the audience, "my dark shin fur was hard to ignore in shorts weather, especially since my best friend Maureen was a pale Irish lass who probably doesn’t have any leg hair to his day". During this part, she was explaining her experience before she shaved her legs. She paints a great picture of why she needs to shave her legs at the age of ten, and along with that we can see the humor associated with her experience.
       Another effective rhetorical device used is an allusion. Allusion helps achieve her purpose because it allows the audience to connect to things that she says. Fey mentions that, "of course I know now that no one can ‘steal’ boyfriends against their will, not even Angelina Jolie itself.” She does an informal references to a famous person, which makes her writing funny and more relatable because most people know who Angelina Jolie is because she's big in pop culture.
           I believe that Tina Fey does a good job with retelling important highlights of her life and engaging her audience because she uses vivid imagery, allowing the audience to be able to picture what is happening. She makes the entire autobiography funny which keeps the interest of readers.

TOW #7: Visual Text

In a visual text released by Star Tribune is a comic titled "The Talk" made by artist Steve Sack, which portrays a white American having a talk with his son about the common birds and bees talk which doesn't seem to show much alarm to either of them. Along with that, there is also an African American having a serious and conerned talk with his son on the other side about guns and the U.S. judicial system. This controversial visual text uses paradox and point of view to open the eyes of the public to the harsh realities that African Americans go through, and how unjust their rights can be at times.
         At first glance the audience assumes the situation to be contradictory, despite this, Steve Sacks is able to use paradox by further looking on both sides to show that although most people don't think about it, stereotypes and the judicial system treat African Americans very unfairly. Much of this can be supported by the many cases that have happened in the United States, making it an important discussion that parents should have with their kids if they themselves are African American as shown in the comic.
          This visual example also uses point of view in a very important manner because it shows two divisions of growing up while being a white teen, and growing up being a black teen. On one hand white teens can have a less life threatening talk with their parents because they are not a target to being treated unfairly as much as black teens are. On the other hand, black teens are subject to stereotypes about how they're violent and carry guns, making them dangerous and at fault in the eyes of the judicial system. These uses of rhetorical devices certainly clarify struggles that people go through to Sack's audience, mainly teenagers, in which the context almost places them in either the white teen or black teen's shoes.
           Steve Sack who's credibility is valid, is an editorial cartoonist who has been working with the Minneapolis Star Tribune since 1981 and has also won the Pulitzer Prize for his work in 2013. I believe that Sack does a great job in establishing a broader outlook of the contrasting lives of white and black teens because his visual text is unbiased and is backed up by recent cases that have made black people a target, such as the George Zimmerman case.

IRB: Bossypants

The IRB I chose to read was Bossypants by Tina Fey. The author is an American comedian who has been in a few television series such as 30 rock and Saturday Night Live, as well as many other notable movies . In her autobiography book she keeps her audience laughing through her use of humor as she takes them across the journey that is her life, and how she got to where she is. Upon its release, Fey's book stayed at the New York Times Bestseller's list for over 5 weeks, and sold over 1 million copies.

TOW #6: The Success Story of a Failed Novelist

In the essay The Success Story of a Failed Novelist the author, Nina Badzin, talks about her numerous failed attempts of becoming a novelist and trying to get her books published. Despite how much she tried, she was lead onto the path of blogging short stories rather than writing novels. With this, she found her true calling, and felt that this best fit her. Although many of her books were turned down by publishers, Badzin still has credibility because she is successfully maintaining and posting on her blog, in which some of her short stories have been nominated for a Pushcart Prize and twice short-listed by Glimmer Train Stories.The author's intended audience is aspiring writers because she describes a difficult journey that is applied to a writer's career. The context that is directed at this audience is spoken in a way to show that being a writer isn't easy, as she recounts all her attempts of being a novelist, and from that, how she went on to writing short stories. Throughout the text, Badzin uses essential rhetorical strategies to achieve her purpose of telling aspiring writers to not give up, and to acknowledge that the path they think they want may not be right for them and that they might end up on a different path. She does so by using an informal tone to connect with her audience, which also shows backs up her purpose to show there is nothing wrong with failing. Another device that is used is metonymy, this substitution carries an emotional response by applying humor and to make the topic a little less vain. I believe that Nina Badzin did a good job in achieving her purpose because she is able to backup her evidence of how her failure turned into success, and because she uses pathos to draw in her reader's attentions.

TOW #5: The Myth of Adulthood

The text I chose to read was The Myth of Adulthood by Annie Battles. This essay was essentially Annie Battle's perspective of growing up and how it changed throughout. She had a childish view of things at the age of 8, then at 16 she was a teenager where her life revolved around boys and she thought she could do things and get away with it. She is now 24 and she feels although her life and perspective is a lot different than she expected it to be. She describes that her 8 year old self would never expect that her life would be like this, at the same age as the actors in Friends, a show she watched when she was younger. The author has credibility because they graduated from Bards College and was formerly a public relations/marketing professional at a lifestyle company. The author isn't extremely opinionated, she explains how her view changed. The intended audience is adolescents and young adults because these are the main highlighted points of her life that are in the essay, she talks the most in depth of her time being an adolescent and a young adult (which is where she is right now). The context of this essay is speaking to the audience where the author retells her experience of how at different points of her life, her perspective changed and was a lot different than how she thought it would be. An important rhetorical device used to achieve Battle's purpose is a friendly and informal tone. This is highly effective because it allows the author to connect to the audience by making them more comfortable as if she is talking to them directly. The audience is easily able to understand when the author says things like, "they didn't go to any school, they lived in their own apartments, and despite the theme song, they seemed pretty on top of their shit". Annie Battle's purpose in writing this text is to give light to her changing perspective of life. She wants her audience to recognize that your life may turn out to be very different than how you thought it would be, and it's not such a bad thing if that happens. I believe that the author did an exceptional job of achieving her purpose because she puts herself in the shoes of the audience and gives examples that a lot of adolescents have experienced, such as going to parties and getting away with things.

Tow #4: Visual text

The visual text that I analyzed was an ad by Amnesty International. In the ad, it brings up the topic of suicide awareness and says that the person may survive suicide, but the gossip leaves deeper scars. It also talks about how the mental illness itself doesn't discriminate, people do. The author of this ad is Amnesty International, a non profit organization founded in 1961. Today this organization has over 3 million members and their goal is to draw attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It also has the longest history and broadest name recognition in the field of many international rights organizations. The ad's focused audience is mainly those who have tried suicide or know someone who has. The context speaks to the audience in a way that they would understand the situation because it talks about that the discrimination that someone in that instance would experience. A key rhetorical device used in this visual text to achieve purpose is amplification, in which the word discrimination is bolded and used throughout to successfully draw to the audience's attention. The effect of this took is so that the audience also recognizes the importance of the purpose. The purpose of this ad is to gain more support and awareness to not only suicide, but also to the organization so that they can stop discrimination as a whole. In my opinion Amnesty international did an excellent job with achieving their purpose because they apply to pathos by making the audience feel bad for the person in the ad who is a suicide survivor, and then making them feel even worse by revealing that she is a mother of two who has been discriminated by gossip.

Tow #3: Night by Elie Wiesel (IRB)

My IRB, Night by Elie Weisel, is an autobiography of the author's experiences as a concentration camp survivor. It takes place during 1941 when the Holocaust was in full effect. Wiesel, who was a young boy at the time, and his family were taken from their home, and separated among different concentration camps. He was first sent to Auschwitz, then to a number of other camps during his time of captivity. Throughout his memoir, Wiesel tells about the death of his parents, the lost of his innocence, and reveals to the audience that life or death doesn't matter anymore. The author was born in September 1928, and is a professor and political activist. He is the author of 57 books, including Night. Wiesel certainly has a lot of credibility because this book is a direct account of what he went through during the holocaust, and his work of writings also lead on to him receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. The audience that this novel was composed for are people who want to know the full and raw details of what really happened in the Holocaust. The context of this text was almost like a journal as the author takes his audience through everything he experienced while being in the concentration camps, before, and afterwards. One of the most important rhetorical devices that helped Wiesel achieve his purpose was imagery. Although the topic of the holocaust can be quite disturbing, the author does a very good job at providing the audience with full fledged imagery in helping to understand what really happened in his ordeal. With this, he is almost able to make the reader feel as if they are actually there and seeing the occurrence happening. I believe that the author's purpose was to retell his experience to show what people in the holocaust really went through, and also help people realize the importance of sharing peoples stories, especially since there are not too many survivors left to tell them. I believe that Elie Wiesel did an exceptional job at accomplishing his purpose because it really allowed me to be more historically minded and to see an unveiled version of a real story of what a holocaust survivor went through. He didn't fail to hide anything from the audience, allowing the audience to realize the importance of his experience.

Tow #2: Two Dads and One Ideal by Evan Marby

Two Dads and One Idea written by Evan Marby evaluates the author's different experiences of growing up with his biological father, and his stepfather. While spending time with his biological father, Marby didn't have much in common besides playing basketball, and describes him as someone who had no stability, comfort wise and financially. He then depicts his stepfather as someone who was very responsible and number one priority was providing for his family and making sure they have enough food on their table, clothes on their backs, and a roof over their heads. Evan Marby is a freshman at Indiana University and a 2013 graduate of The Dwight School , and is a credible source because he writes about his own experiences. This essay is  written to a broad audience because it is posted on The Huffington Post, the target audience is people who have grown up with stepfathers or without their biological fathers. The context in which this text is written is that Marby writes his accounts of how both of his fathers have affected his life differently, and why it led him to choose his career path. An important rhetorical device that Marby uses to achieve his purpose is an aphorism. He gives a memorable summation of his point which helps the audience understand how his irresponsible biological father has effected him positively (although the audience would assume negatively) by telling them, "I also thank my biological father as well. His negatives provided the lens for me to value the positives of my stepfather. Without my biological father, I may have considered the responsibility of my stepfather as the mere norm-not something that requires sacrifice" (Marby). The author's purpose in writing this text was to show the audience that he had two different fathers in his life that contrasted the way he was brought up. His goal was also to prove to the audience that although he had someone in his life that wasn't very helpful, it still effected him in a positive way because it showed him an example of something that he didn't want to become, and taught him to value his stepfather and his priorities. The author did a great job of achieving his goal because although this was a personal essay, Marby wasn't bitter over the fact that his biological father left him and his mother. He overlooked this fact, and was able to see the positive side, and learned to recognize that his stepfather had taught him good values. 

IRB: Night by Elie Wiesel

The IRB that I'm reading is called Night by Elie Wiesel. It is centered around the holocaust (1930's - 1940's), and is a true story written from the accounts of Elie Wiesel's survival as a teenager in the Auschwitz concentration camps. The book, written in first person, is said to be very disturbing because it is the record of the author's memories of he death of his family, and also the death of his innocence. Weisel honestly and directly describes life as a prisoner of the Nazis, the conditions of the camp, and treatment of the prisoners.

TOW: How to Say Nothing in 500 Words by Paul Roberts

How to Say Nothing in 500 Words by Paul Roberts essentially analyzes the different types of strategies that student writers use to fill up words in their essays, as well as giving helpful advice on other ways to have a strong structured piece of writing. The author, Paul Roberts, is an american author who taught college English for over 20 years, first at San Jose State College and then later on at Cornell University. He also wrote several helpful writing textbooks including English Syntax (1954), Patterns of English (1956), Understanding English (1958), and English Sentences (1962). The audience that this text is composed for is students who write ineffective essays. The context is initially a scenario in which a student is dreading a 500 words essay and just overuses examples and ideas that many other students also use. The author then goes on to explain ways that students can write a good essay and utilize an advanced structure. Throughout How to Say Nothing in 500 Words, Roberts applies several didactics and instructs his intended audience on using adequate words and sentences. This rhetorical strategy effects the entirety of the essay because it makes it much more informative and allows the audience to see the purpose of the writing. The purpose in writing the text is to benefit students in their writing skills, and also teaches them to write an intriguing essay rather than a bland and uninteresting one. In my opinion the other certainly did a good job in advising students on writing a better structured and appealing essay because he is able to establish a tone that makes the audience comfortable and allows them to understand what he is saying. The text is well backed up by examples, which I believe did a good job of illustrating Robert's purpose.

The Devil Baby at Hull-House by Jane Addams

This essay was initially about the myth of a devil baby in the Hull house, the story then unfolds into a commentary on the lives of immigrant working women and what they have sacrificed for their own children. The author, Jane Addams, was born in Cedarville, IL and graduated from the Rockford college for women. She is a very credible author because she was the first woman to win the Nobel Peace prize. The context written by Addams is that initially she initially dislikes the visitors who come to see the Hull-House to see the rumored devil baby but then she begins to take interest in the stories told by women who come to see the baby, having their own "devil" baby. The author's purpose is to show male’s dominance over the hard working women and the women’s helplessness towards raising their children. This mirrored the role of women during the time period the essay was written. The intended audience is essentially women and those who are mother of children. Addams is able to achieve her purpose through several anecdote's in the story. With this, she tells short narrative stories of the women who come to the Hull-House and their lives. We can see the parallels between male dominance and their stories. I believe that the author doesn't do a good job with achieving her purpose because the essay goes in a lot of different directions, and at times the reader can get lost very easily.

Male Dominance

(http://www.bms.co.in/do-we-live-in-a-male-dominated-society/)

"Each story tells a variation of male dominance over hardworking women, which results in the creation of a devil baby"

The Disposable Rocket John Updike

The Disposable Rocket was about John Updike's insight of how human males treat their bodies as being disposable in order to gain the physiologic purpose of reproduction. He also compare's men and women's bodies and the physical changes that they go through, and how they take their bodies for granted. John Updike is an American author born in Shillington, Pennsylvania and has a lot of credibility because hundreds of his stories and poems have appeared in The New Yorker since the 1950's. He is also a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner. The context of Updike's essay is that both men and women take their bodies for granted when they are young and later on regret it. It has a tone that is rather humorous and relaxing. The author's purpose of writing this essay was to educate the audience about their body and how when you're much older, your body is not the same as it was in the past when they were much younger. The audience that Updike intended is mainly males because the essay is written in detail about a male's body. Throughout The Disposable Rocket, Updike uses numerous antithesises to obtain his purpose. He compares several contrasting things to the male body, and is able to state the similarity between them. For example when he says, "Inhabiting a male body is like having a bank account; as long as it’s healthy, you don’t think much about it" (Updike). I believe that Updike does a great job with accomplishing his purpose because he is well to describe the male body more in detail because he can use his own experience to relate, also because he is able to make connections with the male body and draw parallels between them.

Booster Rockets Detaching from Space

(http://fineartamerica.com/featured/booster-rockets-detaching-from-space-nasa--science-source.html)

"His body is, like a delivery rocket that falls away in space, a disposable means" (Updike).

The Apotheosis of Martin Luther King by Elizabeth Hardwick

This essay was a reflection of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s death. Due to his assassination, the civil rights movement was left at a halt and many were unsure of what was to happen next. The essay then goes on to explain the type of man Dr.  King was, and how he fought for rights in a way with sermons and religion, the author then proposes that religion will no longer play a role in the fight for black rights. The author of this essay, Elizabeth Hardwick, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, and educated at the University of Kentucky and Columbia University showing that her work is reliable because of her high level of education. Hardwick's work is also notable because she is a recipient of a Gold Medal from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. The context of this essay was written in a gloomy tone, and when the environment of Memphis was described as place broken in pieces that were left to be picked up after King's death. Hardwick's purpose of writing about the death of King was to reflect his life and to introduce what may become of the battle for civil rights. The  intended audience for this piece of writing is for civil rights activists at the time, and for people who were interested in King's life's work. To achieve their purpose, the author uses hypophora several times throughout the essay asking questions such as, "Was this a victory or a defeat?" and "What did they mean beyond a wish for the genuine act, a consoling communion with the garbagy streets?" She asks questions that her audience would like to see defined, then goes in to detail answering them. I believe that the author is well able to achieve her purpose because throughout the essay she acknowledges what was next for the battle of civil rights and also states that after King's death religion would most likely not interfere with the fight for African american rights. Hardwick leaves the reader with hope saying, "perhaps what was celebrated in Atlanta was an end, not a beginning—the waning of the slow, sweet dream of Salvation, through Christ, for the Negro masses" (Hardwick 326). 

Memphis Sanitation Strike by Charlie Kelly 

"Sanitation workers and their supporters during a march on City Hall in Memphis, Tennessee that was supposed to be attended by Martin Luther King Jr., before his death". 

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